Evidence suggests multiple interrelated pathways of liver injury: Nicotine-induced injury : Nicotine is metabolized in the liver via CYP2A6, where it activates 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (7-nAChR), leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pro-fibrotic signaling [36, 125, 126]
41 The specific chemicals detected can vary greatly between brands, even when the flavoring and nicotine content are equivalent, which frequently results in inconsistent and conflicting study findings
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